Ìåòà. Ïðîâåñòè ã³ã³ºí³÷íó îö³íêó îñíîâíèõ ï³äõîä³â äî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ä³îêñèäó õëîðó â òåõíîëîã³ÿõ âîäîï³äãîòîâêè âîäîïðîâ³äíèõ ñòàíö³é Óêðà¿íè ç ïîâåðõíåâèìè äæåðåëàìè ïèòíîãî âîäîïîñòà÷àííÿ ç ìåòîþ âèÿâëåííÿ òà ì³í³ì³çàö³¿ ïîòåíö³éíèõ ðèçèê³â äëÿ çäîðîâ’ÿ ëþäèíè.
Ìàòåð³àëè ³ ìåòîäè äîñë³äæåíü. Ïðîâåäåíî àíàë³ç âîäîî÷èñíèõ òåõíîëîã³é, ùî âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ íà âîäîïðîâ³äíèõ ñòàíö³ÿõ Óêðà¿íè äëÿ îáðîáêè ïèòíî¿ âîäè, âèãîòîâëåíî¿ ç ïîâåðõíåâèõ äæåðåë ïèòíîãî âîäîïîñòà÷àííÿ. Ïðîàíàë³çîâàíî ðåçóëüòàòè äîñë³äæåíü ÿêîñò³ âîäè çà ïð³îðèòåòíèìè ñàí³òàðíî-õ³ì³÷íèìè òà ì³êðîá³îëîã³÷íèìè ïîêàçíèêàìè â ì³ñöÿõ ïèòíèõ âîäîçàáîð³â ³ ïèòíî¿, à òàêîæ äîçè ðåàãåíò³â, ùî âèêîðèñòîâóâàëèñü äëÿ îáðîáêè ïèòíî¿ âîäè ïðîòÿãîì 2021-2023 ðð. Ïðîâåäåíî ïîð³âíÿëüíèé àíàë³ç âèìîã äî ÿêîñò³ ïèòíî¿ âîäè â ðàç³ ¿¿ îáðîáêè ä³îêñèäîì õëîðó Äèðåêòèâè 2020/2184/ªÑ ùîäî ÿêîñò³ âîäè, ïðèçíà÷åíî¿ äëÿ ñïîæèâàííÿ ëþäèíîþ, íàö³îíàëüíèõ íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâèõ àêò³â 22-îõ êðà¿í ªÑ òà ÄÑàíÏ³Í 2.2.4-171-10 Óêðà¿íè ùîäî ÿêîñò³ ïèòíî¿ âîäè. Äëÿ îö³íêè ðèçèê³â äëÿ çäîðîâ’ÿ âèêîðèñòîâóâàëè ïðèéíÿò³ â ì³æíàðîäí³é ïðàêòèö³ ìåòîäè. Ìåòîäè äîñë³äæåííÿ: á³áë³îãðàô³÷íèé, àíàë³òè÷íèé, ïîð³âíÿëüíî¿ îö³íêè, ñàí³òàðíî-õ³ì³÷í³, ì³êðîá³îëîã³÷í³, ã³ã³ºí³÷íî¿ îö³íêè, îö³íêè ðèçèê³â, ìàòåìàòè÷í³ òà ñòàòèñòè÷í³.
Ðåçóëüòàòè äîñë³äæåíü òà ¿õ îáãîâîðåííÿ. Íàòåïåð â óìîâàõ ñîö³àëüíî-ïîë³òè÷íî¿ êðèçè â Óêðà¿í³ ä³îêñèä õëîðó âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ íà îêðåìèõ âîäîïðîâ³äíèõ ñòàíö³ÿõ Óêðà¿íè ç ìåòîþ: äîäàòêîâîãî çàêëþ÷íîãî çíåçàðàæåííÿ; äîäàòêîâî¿ ïåðâèííî¿ òà âòîðèííî¿ îáðîáêè ðàçîì ç õëîðóâàííÿì; ïåðâèííî¿ îáðîáêè âîäè ïåðåä ¿¿ íàäõîäæåííÿì íà âîäîïðîâ³äíó ñòàíö³þ; ïîâíî¿ çàì³íè õëîð-ãàçó íà ä³îêñèä õëîðó. Ëèøå íà âîäîïðîâ³äíèõ ñòàíö³ÿõ Äí³ïðîâñüê³é ì³ñòà Êèºâà òà ì³ñòà Ãîð³øí³ Ïëàâí³ Ïîëòàâñüêî¿ îáëàñò³ ä³îêñèä õëîðó âèêîðèñòîâóþòü ïðîòÿãîì ðîêó â ïîñò³éíîìó ðåæèì³ äëÿ çíåçàðàæåííÿ ñèðî¿ âîäè ç ïîâåðõíåâîãî äæåðåëà ïèòíîãî âîäîïîñòà÷àííÿ (ð³÷êè Äí³ïðî). Íà Äí³ïðîâñüê³é âîäîïðîâ³äí³é ñòàíö³¿ ì³ñòà Êèºâà çàñòîñóâàííÿ ä³îêñèäó õëîðó ïðèçâåëî äî íàéá³ëüøèõ çì³í òåõíîëîã³÷íîãî ïðîöåñó âèðîáíèöòâà ïèòíî¿ âîäè òà äîçâîëèëî çàáåçïå÷èòè ¿¿ åï³äåì³÷íó áåçïå÷í³ñòü, çíèçèòè ê³ëüê³ñòü íåáåçïå÷íèõ, ïðè çàñòîñóâàíí³ ðåàãåíò³â, òà âì³ñò ïîá³÷íèõ ïðîäóêò³â õëîðóâàííÿ òà îçîíóâàííÿ, à òàêîæ çàáåçïå÷èòè âì³ñò òîêñè÷íèõ õëîðèò³â íà ð³âí³ ≤0,7 ìã/ë, ùî â³äïîâ³äຠäîïóñòèìîìó ðèçèêó äëÿ çäîðîâ’ÿ ëþäèíè (≤1,0). Çà ðåçóëüòàòàìè ìàòåìàòè÷íîãî ìîäåëþâàííÿ ïðîöåñó óòâîðåííÿ õëîðèò³â â ïèòí³é âîä³ âèçíà÷åíî, ùî ðèçèê óòâîðåííÿ õëîðèò³â ó ïèòí³é âîä³ ðîçïîä³ëüíî¿ ìåðåæ³ Äí³ïðîâñüêî¿ âîäîïðîâ³äíî¿ ñòàíö³¿ ì³ñòà Êèºâà â ïîíàäíîðìàòèâíèõ êîíöåíòðàö³ÿõ áóäå íà ð³âí³ ≤1,0, ÿêùî ñóìàðíà äîçà ä³îêñèäó õëîðó áóäå íà ð³âí³ ≤3,5 ìã/ë, à ã³ã³ºí³÷íèé íîðìàòèâ õëîðèò³â – ≤0,2 ìã/ë. ßêùî ã³ã³ºí³÷íèé íîðìàòèâ õëîðèò³â ïðèéíÿòè íà ð³âí³ ≤0,7 ìã/ë, òî ðèçèê óòâîðåííÿ ïîíàäíîðìàòèâíîãî âì³ñòó õëîðèò³â â ïèòí³é âîä³ ðîçïîä³ëüíî¿ ìåðåæ³ çíèçèòüñÿ ó 2,5 ðàçè. ×èíí³ ã³ã³ºí³÷í³ âèìîãè Óêðà¿íè ùîäî âì³ñòó õëîðèò³â (ã³ã³ºí³÷íèé íîðìàòèâ ≤0,2 ìã/ë) òà ä³îêñèäó õëîðó (ã³ã³ºí³÷íèé íîðìàòèâ ≥0,1 ìã/ë) ó ïèòí³é âîä³ ðîçïîä³ëüíî¿ ìåðåæ³ íàéæîðñòê³ø³ ïîð³âíÿíî ç âèìîãàìè êðà¿í ªÑ òà ïîòðåáóþòü ïåðåãëÿäó.
Âèñíîâêè. ijîêñèä õëîðó âèêîðèñòîâóþòü íà âîäîïðîâ³äíèõ ñòàíö³ÿõ Óêðà¿íè ÿê ìàëî¿ (15-25 òèñ. ì3/äîáó), òàê ³ âåëèêî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³ (100-200 òèñ. ì3/äîáó), íàé÷àñò³øå â ÿêîñò³ äîäàòêîâîãî àáî îñíîâíîãî ìåòîäó çíåçàðàæåííÿ ïèòíî¿ âîäè, âèãîòîâëåíî¿ ç ïîâåðõíåâî¿, ó äèñêðåòíîìó àáî ïîñò³éíîìó ðåæèì³. Ðèçèê óòâîðåííÿ ïîíàäíîðìàòèâíîãî âì³ñòó õëîðèò³â â ïèòí³é âîä³ ðîçïîä³ëüíî¿ ìåðåæ³ çàëåæèòü â³ä ñóìàðíî¿ äîçè ä³îêñèäó õëîðó òà åôåêòèâíîñò³ çàõîä³â ç ¿õ ì³í³ì³çàö³¿. Òåõíîëî㳿 âèðîáíèöòâà ïèòíî¿ âîäè ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì ä³îêñèäó õëîðó íà âîäîïðîâ³äíî¿ ñòàíö³¿ ì. Ãîð³øí³ Ïëàâí³ Ïîëòàâñüêî¿ îáëàñò³, ùî ïåðåäáà÷ຠâèêîðèñòàííÿ ä³îêñèäó õëîðó äëÿ îáðîáêè ñèðî¿ âîäè ïåðåä ¿¿ íàäõîäæåííÿì íà âîäîïðîâ³äíó ñòàíö³þ, à òàêîæ íà Äí³ïðîâñüê³é âîäîïðîâ³äí³é ñòàíö³¿ ì³ñòà Êèºâà, ùî ïåðåäáà÷ຠçàì³íó õëîð-ãàçó ç ïðåàìîí³çàö³ºþ íà ä³îêñèä õëîðó ç õëîðèäîì äâîâàëåíòíîãî çàë³çà, äîçâîëÿþòü îïòèì³çóâàòè òðàäèö³éíèé òåõíîëîã³÷íèé ïðîöåñ òà ïîë³ïøèòè ÿê³ñòü ïèòíî¿ âîäè çà â³äñóòíîñò³ ïîòåíö³éíèõ ðèçèê³â äëÿ çäîðîâ’ÿ.

Ïèòíà âîäà, çíåçàðàæåííÿ, õëîðèòè, ðèçèê äëÿ çäîðîâ’ÿ.

1. Evlampidou I, Font-Ribera L, Rojas-Rueda D, et al. Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Bladder Cancer Burden in the European Union. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2020;128(1):017001-1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4495

2. Novytskyi DYu, Kostyuk VA, Kobylianskyi VYa. [Chlorine dioxide in the aspect of microbiological safety of tap water]. Science Review. 2019;4(21):9-14. Ukrainian. doi: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/31052019/6487

3. Ozdemir K. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide oxidation of natural organic matter in water treatment plants. Environment Protection Engineering. 2020;46(4):87-97. doi: https://doi.org/10.37190/epe200407

4. Mesanagrenou M. Wàter chlorination as a metod of disinfection. 2020. Available from: https://www.zythopedia.eu/50

5. Zhong Yu, Gan W, Du Ye, Huang H, Wu Q, Xiang YiYi, Shang C, Yang X. Disinfection byproducts and their toxicity in wastewater effluents treated by the mixing oxidant of ClO2/Cl2. Water Research. 2019;162:471-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.012

6. Mokienko AV. [Water disinfection: hygienic and medical-ecological aspects]. Odesa. 2022. 288 ð. Ukrainian.

7. Ayyildiz O, Ileri B, Sanik S. Impacts of water organic load on chlorine dioxide disinfection efficacy. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009;168(2-3):1092-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.153

8. Lasocka-Gomu³a I, Œwietlik J. Impact of the modernized technology on the quality of water supplied to the extended distribution system of the city of Poznañ. Appl Water Sci. 2022;12:109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01658-8

9. Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast). OJ L 435; 23.12.2020:1-62. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/BG/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020L2184#

10. Toxicological review of chlorine dioxide and chlorite. In Support of summary information on the integrated risk information system. EPA. 2000:49. Available from: https://iris.epa.gov/static/pdfs/0496tr.pdf

11. [Assessment of the carcinogenic risk to public health from the consumption of chlorinated drinking water. Methodical instructions. Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated October 21, 2005 No. 545]. Ukrainian. Available from: https://mozdocs.kiev.ua/view.php?id=4448

12. Mokienko AV, Petrenko NF, Gozhenko AI. [Disinfection of water. Hygienic and medical-ecological aspects. Chlorine dioxide]. Odesa: ÒES, 2012;2. 605 p. Russian.

13. Antomonov MYu. [Mathematical processing and analysis of medical and biological data]. Kyiv: MYCz "Medinform". 2018. 579 p. Russian.

14. Zorina OV, Surmasheva OV, Polka OO, Mavrykin EO. [Risk assessment when consuming drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide and risk management in EU countries and Ukraine to protect public health]. Medicni perspektivi. 2023;28(4):181-9. Ukrainian. doi: https://doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2023.4.294226

15. [SSRN 2.2.4-171-10. Hygienic Requirements to Drinking Water for Human Consumption]. Kyiv; 2010:99-129. Ukrainian.

16. [SSTU 4808:2007. Sources of centralized drinking water supply. Hygienic and ecological requirements for water quality and selection rules]. Kyiv: Derzhspozhivstandard of Ukraine. 2007. 39 p. Ukrainian.

17. Mavrykin E, Zorina O. [Analysis and mathematical modeling of chlorite formation and content in water treated with chlorine dioxide in the drinking water supply system]. Problems of Water Supply, Severage and Hydraulics. 2023;(44):47-62. Ukrainian. doi: https://doi.org/10.32347/2524-0021.2023.44.47-62

Çîð³íà Î.Â., Ãàëàãóç Â.À., Òèõîíåíêî Ì.Î. ó㳺í³÷íà îö³íêà îñíîâíèõ ï³äõîä³â äî âèêîðèñòàííÿ ä³îêñèäó õëîðó íà âîäîïðîâ³äíèõ ñòàíö³ÿõ Óêðà¿íè ç ïîâåðõíåâèìè äæåðåëàìè ïèòíîãî âîäîïîñòà÷àííÿ. ó㳺íà íàñåëåíèõ ì³ñöü : çá. íàóê. ïð. Ê., 2024. Âèï. 74. Ñ. 29-38.