| Hygiene of populated places | ISSN: 2707-0441 eISSN: 2707-045X |
Issue 75, 2025 - Pages: 48-56
DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN CALCIUM METABOLISM INDICATORS IN CASE OF INFLUENCE OF HEAVY METALS AND THE LEVEL OF SPONTANEOUS MOTOR ACTIVITY OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Yu.V. Fedorenko1
1 State non-profit enterprise "Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University"
ÓÄÊ: 612.015.31:546.41:[615.916:546.3]:612.766]-08
SUMMÀRY:
Objective. To study the dynamics of calcium concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood serum of white rats under conditions of long-term exposure to lead and cadmium, taking into account the individual level of spontaneous motor activity.
Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted on male white rats weighing 170-200 g. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first series, a group of animals was administered Pb(NO3)2 aqueous solutions (at the dosage of 36 mg/kg of body weight) into the stomach on an empty stomach daily for 30 days, while the control group was given drinking water. In the second series, the effect of cadmium was studied. In this case, the spontaneous motor activity of white rats was taken into account by horizontal activity during the "open field" test for 5 minutes. The animals were divided into groups with a high (active) and low (passive) level of spontaneous motor activity. The experimental group of active and passive animals was administered CdSO4 aqueous solution into the stomach daily for 30 days (at the dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight), and the control group was given drinking water. In blood serum, calcium concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined by colorimetric method on days 3, 15, and 30 of the experiment (lead administration) and on days 3, 5, 10, and 30 (cadmium administration). The findings were processed by the method of least squares with determination of the degree of probability by Student's t-test.
Results and discussion. It was found that during the experiment in case of lead exposure, the concentration of calcium in the blood serum significantly decreased on the 15th day of the experiment by 23.3%, at the end of the experiment – by 19.5% compared to the control, the activity of alkaline phosphatase significantly increased from the 3rd day throughout the duration of the entire experiment with a maximum increase of 70% compared to the control on the 15th day.
The introduction of cadmium caused an increase in the concentration of calcium on the 5th day of the experiment almost equally in active (15.9%) and passive (14.8%) animals with a simultaneous increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase by 9% in passive and by 13.7% in active animals compared to the control. On the 10th day of the experiment, a decrease in calcium concentration was recorded in both experimental groups compared to the control, to a greater extent in passive animals amid an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood serum of active animals by 16% and a decrease in enzyme activity by 22% in passive animals. At the end of the experiment, the calcium concentration decreased in active animals by 28%, in passive – by 38%, in both groups a decrease in enzyme activity was observed: in animals with higher spontaneous motor activity by 40%, in animals with low spontaneous motor activity by 33% compared to the control. Lead and cadmium in the body compete with calcium, leading to a decrease in calcium concentration in the blood serum. The decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity at the end of the experiments amid hypocalcemia indicates the predominance of bone tissue resorption processes and the possible occurrence of osteoporosis. Using the example of studying the effect of cadmium, it was found that changes in calcium concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood of white rats depend on the individual level of spontaneous motor activity. Male white rats with low spontaneous motor activity are more sensitive to conditions of cadmium exposure.
Conclusions. Experimental studies have established a decrease in calcium concentration, multidirectional and wave-like changes in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum of white rats in case of lead and cadmium administration. The intensity and dynamics of changes in the studied indicators depend on the individual level of spontaneous motor activity. In a group of passive animals, cadmium can lead to the development of osteoporosis more quickly, while in active animals, osteoporosis may appear later. The mechanisms of the intensity and dynamics of changes in the studied indicators in animals with active and passive types of behavior in case of lead and cadmium exposure need to be studied at the level of correlations between the activity of serotonin-noradrenaline and dopaminergic systems of the brain.
Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted on male white rats weighing 170-200 g. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first series, a group of animals was administered Pb(NO3)2 aqueous solutions (at the dosage of 36 mg/kg of body weight) into the stomach on an empty stomach daily for 30 days, while the control group was given drinking water. In the second series, the effect of cadmium was studied. In this case, the spontaneous motor activity of white rats was taken into account by horizontal activity during the "open field" test for 5 minutes. The animals were divided into groups with a high (active) and low (passive) level of spontaneous motor activity. The experimental group of active and passive animals was administered CdSO4 aqueous solution into the stomach daily for 30 days (at the dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight), and the control group was given drinking water. In blood serum, calcium concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined by colorimetric method on days 3, 15, and 30 of the experiment (lead administration) and on days 3, 5, 10, and 30 (cadmium administration). The findings were processed by the method of least squares with determination of the degree of probability by Student's t-test.
Results and discussion. It was found that during the experiment in case of lead exposure, the concentration of calcium in the blood serum significantly decreased on the 15th day of the experiment by 23.3%, at the end of the experiment – by 19.5% compared to the control, the activity of alkaline phosphatase significantly increased from the 3rd day throughout the duration of the entire experiment with a maximum increase of 70% compared to the control on the 15th day.
The introduction of cadmium caused an increase in the concentration of calcium on the 5th day of the experiment almost equally in active (15.9%) and passive (14.8%) animals with a simultaneous increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase by 9% in passive and by 13.7% in active animals compared to the control. On the 10th day of the experiment, a decrease in calcium concentration was recorded in both experimental groups compared to the control, to a greater extent in passive animals amid an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood serum of active animals by 16% and a decrease in enzyme activity by 22% in passive animals. At the end of the experiment, the calcium concentration decreased in active animals by 28%, in passive – by 38%, in both groups a decrease in enzyme activity was observed: in animals with higher spontaneous motor activity by 40%, in animals with low spontaneous motor activity by 33% compared to the control. Lead and cadmium in the body compete with calcium, leading to a decrease in calcium concentration in the blood serum. The decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity at the end of the experiments amid hypocalcemia indicates the predominance of bone tissue resorption processes and the possible occurrence of osteoporosis. Using the example of studying the effect of cadmium, it was found that changes in calcium concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood of white rats depend on the individual level of spontaneous motor activity. Male white rats with low spontaneous motor activity are more sensitive to conditions of cadmium exposure.
Conclusions. Experimental studies have established a decrease in calcium concentration, multidirectional and wave-like changes in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum of white rats in case of lead and cadmium administration. The intensity and dynamics of changes in the studied indicators depend on the individual level of spontaneous motor activity. In a group of passive animals, cadmium can lead to the development of osteoporosis more quickly, while in active animals, osteoporosis may appear later. The mechanisms of the intensity and dynamics of changes in the studied indicators in animals with active and passive types of behavior in case of lead and cadmium exposure need to be studied at the level of correlations between the activity of serotonin-noradrenaline and dopaminergic systems of the brain.
KEYWORDS:
Lead, cadmium, blood serum, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, active, passive white rats.
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FOR CITATION:
Fedorenko YuV. [Dynamics of changes in calcium metabolism indicators in case of influence of heavy metals and the level of spontaneous motor activity of experimental animals]. Hygiene of Populated Places. 2025;75:48-56. Ukrainian. doi: https://doi.org/10.32402/hygiene2025.75.048